Arsenal (1929) - Aleksandr Dovzhenko

The great Russian filmmaker of Ukrainian origins Dovzhenko would make his fifth feature film, the second part of his greatest contribution to the seventh art, his Trilogy of War, a year earlier started with the extraordinary Zvenigora, and that a year later, in 1930, he would find a closing with Earth. The director, who in the previous movie had already given glimpses of intervention in his work from the initial conception, that is, the elaboration of the script, directly supervising this elaboration, in this opportunity he will no longer be a mere supervisor, but will be directly the screenwriter, acquiring, of course and with all that detail implies in a film, more authority, authorship and domain, a feature in his work that would repeat on Earth and in many of his greatest works. The director continues with a very consistent film, twinned with the predecessor, the style of the director is still fully recognizable, the doses of visual beauty, poetry, may not flow with the exuberant wildness that the initiator of the triad, but does not disappear, plus now to appeal more strongly to the humanity of its characters, is the story of a Ukrainian territory, after the World War One, a soldier returns to his country, after surviving a train accident, finding his homeland celebrating an anniversary of its freedom, and remembering suffering.

                

We see Ukrainian territory, a strong explosion introduces us to a world where we see a mother of three children with tormented attitude, and without those mentioned children, devastated territory, where an officer supervises the surroundings, gropes a local woman. Bloody clashes follow one another, the Ukrainian rebel troops resist Russian attacks as much as they can, which even carry out offensives with gas of laughter. Timosh (Semyon Svashenko), a Ukrainian soldier, returns from the front, travels by train with other comrades of his, but the train has a terrible accident and crashes. Timosh nevertheless survives, arrives at his land, where there is uproar and parades celebrating the Ukrainian freedom, the centuries of struggle against the Russians that cost that freedom. But the clashes do not stop with the Russians, the soldier meets resistance, also a soldier of the Red Army (Georgi Khorkov), another German soldier (Amvrosi Buchma), there are calls to defend the homeland, everyone is required for the noble cause, an arsenal of workers is formed to resist. The villagers resist with pain, parents, children, husbands, all depart leaving their families, Timosh is a witness of everything. One by one the heroes of the resistance fall, they are being shot, and finally Timosh is also arrested, and is shot, but the bullets do not seem to hurt him.

The sound had already arrived to the world of cinema by the time this film was produced, The Jazz Singer (1928) probably sat the greatest revolution in the seventh art, the cinemas around the world was still defining its final audiovisual edges, the horror of the First World War seemed to be falling behind, but in the territory of the old Russian Empire, they remembered the Civil War. In this context, this film, so revered to Dovzhenko, was born as an order of the Russian authorities to commemorate that civil war's anniversary, and he, a descendant of Ukrainians, had to perform a singular task, shooting that tribute, but trying to be on par with Eisenstein, and his powerful socialist and revolutionary vein in his films, exalting the Russian glory, the glory of the mass, of the revolution, was a primordial ideological tool in the Russia of that time; a tessitura for the descendant of Ukrainians that, combined with his unparalleled sensibility, produces the considered major cinematographic contribution of his. His film begins in a similar way to Zvenigora, clear intentions and feelings from the first frame, that initial frame where there are no humans, absence of humans, only that barbed wire, stillness and then an explosion, unusual violence after a disturbing and deceptive stillness. Then the mother, hieratic, alone, looks down, surrounded by absence, absent children, terrible graphic irony, which is added to the strength displayed in that first image. Terrible ellipsis is appreciated later, the woman, with her eyes to the ground, with her solitude, in parallel to the other character, a peasant with the equine, she hits, whips implausibly to her children, in turn that he hits the beast of charge, terrible parallel that ellipsis. A rough, unusual harshness, even touch of surrealism, almost a delirium, of some scenes that make up general features of the film, which will not disappear, of a film that does not fit with a conventional war picture -or of exaltation of war values​- in its guidelines, in what it portrays. We will soon observe also an advance of the domain and management, the intention of the assembly, in those first sequences, there is a close-up of an officer who looks at the space outside the camera-range, then we see a peasant woman fall lifeless in a barren land, the military write "I killed a crow; time, marvelous", this is exchanged with the lifeless body of the old woman. Then observes the officer to the sky in great backlighting, a dark poetry seems to be flowing, like somber ideas, death and its threat are already swarming. From the beginning, from that first sequence, the explosion is inserted, the entrance is generated, the absurd violence, the absurdity of this violence and dementia is plotted, there is no nexus or excuse to insert it, it is not a pamphleteer or canonical political propaganda film.

Then comes one of the key sequences of the movie, an immortal sequence of this inescapable feature film, perhaps the most powerful that this huge Russian filmmaker of Ukrainian origins shot; as many masters said, a film must be reduced in its expression, it must has proclivity to be able to be simplified. Well, that sequence could simplify and be synthetic extract of the complete film. It is the prodigious sequence of the old soldier attacked with the gas of laughter, a power that overflows, one of the most famous sequences, if the picture is at the height of Battleship Potemkin (1925), this sequence would be at the height of that on the ladder of Odessa, Dovzhenko already reached top levels. We all know how things went, Eisenstein, more dogmatic, more conventional in his style of collective revolutionary consciousness, fitted in perfectly with the moment and feel of his nation, he was embraced as the standard of Russian cinema, his Odessa ladder was adopted and exalted as the most famous and referenced sequence in the history of cinema; but Dovzhenko in his style nothing had to envy, was his own sentiment, his own feeling what flowed while extolling his homeland. Yes, in Dovzhenko we have the pride, the power of the images of Eisenstein, but with his particular sensitivity, with his distinctive approach, his unique poetry, his poetic images, there are no canons, there is not so much rigidity for that to be a product of propaganda -of course, Eisenstein's film is much more than just that-, there is something else, there is one more level in those images, there is art, art that comes before everything, in his cinema, art, sensitivity seem to go beyond all other intentions, cinema is an art above all in him. The infinite absurd is embodied with heartbreaking realism in the aforementioned sequence, the gas of laughter that unleashes the soldier's laughter in the midst of the corpses, corpses morbidly crowned with ominous smiles, the enemy arrives, armed, does not shoot, hesitates, "where Is the enemy? ", he asks; is pathetic, powerful symbolism, much of the film is contained there, probably the most important and significant, sharpest and most acute sequence of the entire film. Another sequence, that of the train about to crash, is also exemplary of Ukrainian folklore, the accordion, a very representative element of the town before part of the Russian Empire, an element impossible to miss, especially in a cinema that lives from the image, like that of Dovzhenko, the image has expressiveness in him, both in this case, as well as with equines, abundantly displayed, in various situations, often in the field, also in war situations. Over the war, or to exalt what the chimerical glory that something like war can arouse, the film exalts its nation. We have a sequence that expresses that, an old man, through tears, a citizen calling, summoning his people, the people of Ukraine, teachers, workers, artists, we are talking about three hundred years of yoke, pride, the fatherland, dignity, the nation, elements that put him at the level of the other masters of the Soviet cinema, Eisenstein, Vertov, Pudovkin. He shares with them the feeling of his cinema, of his land, but Dovzhenko always lets the images speak, there is little text, the horror and pain of war are the transmitters, he strips his vision of the greatest partisan rigidity, even proselytizing, that could have the movies of his comrades. It is interesting that there are almost no characters, in this film, with respect to Zvenigora, that element loses individuality, the invaders dehumanize in their collectivism, in the mass they represent, there are no faces; but there is more feeling, the filmmaker prints more feeling in counterbalance, some consider for that reason this film as the cusp work of the director, and of course, he would also sit school, leave influence in subsequent filmmakers, who continued his poetic audiovisual imprint.

Above what should pay tribute to the Russian Civil War, Dovzhenko prefers to pay tribute to freedom, to the human being, before the war portrays the evils it generates, the suffering of the people, human suffering, that's what he exalts; exalts it by deploring it, exalts it in his cinematic world, a world where a mother has no children, where he beats them allegorically to a man who hits a horse, where the first thing we see is something that explodes without cause. It is the history of Ukraine, and therefore of an empire, the Russian empire, of course, indivisible participation have the Bolsheviks, who come into action, workers, trade unions, Soviet history and their inescapable collective feeling, in this opportunity with some distance from Ukraine. And of course, the collective struggle is a feature of Russia, a trait of which is not exempt any artist of the time, the struggle, the resistance that represents that arsenal where the last glimmers of Ukrainian rebellion are stored, which has its core figure in Timosh, a figure that is shown at an already superhuman level, since his appearance, with his face shown in moments without the slightest disarray, rather well-dressed, contrasted with the dirty, sweaty and disheveled faces of his comrades. From his first appearances, even after the train crashed, and all his comrades died, Timosh jokes about his survival in the accident, already is slipped the nature of him  that will be confirmed in the end, he is more than a soldier, he is the resistance. And of course, he is more than a human in Dovzhenko's history, he has transcended that mere condition, he is now a complete nation, he is now a feeling, an idea, an ideal that will not die with bullets, that extraordinary ending portrays him to us as invulnerable, huge final sequence in which the feeling of a nation is expressed, of a freedom that can not be violated, which is, like Timosh, undamaged by bullets. A dark atmosphere reminds us again of the strong dose of expressionism that the filmmaker printed to his works, in the end we find a sequence that stands out, the successive executions of the members of the resistance, the shadows that flow deformed in the executions, moments of fatal dementia, awakens that echo of expressionism; however, the uncontainable expressionist delirium that was paraded in Zvenigora will leave room for something more now, to focus more on the exaltation of the Ukrainian people, without leaving aside the gloomy tonality, and for moments of madness and almost onirism, as when the equine responds to the human his hits with words. Apart from the visual difference just mentioned between the initial film of the trilogy and the one now commented, it is irrefutable to point out that they are full-lenght films totally twinned, consistent, concise their unity, they are part of a whole, if one stood out more poetry and visual strength, they share edges, at the level of sensitivity and also at a technical level, details such as montage, exaltation of their land, national pride, and this film surpasses its predecessor in appealing precisely to human sentiment. For the rest, in those powerful sequences of great montage we will appreciate the other audiovisual resources, high-angle shots, low-angle shots, shadows and warm expressionist halos. The overlays of images, and of sequences, which was part of an extraordinary sequence in Zvenigora -the aforementioned expressionist halo-, now will not appear, they do it in dribs and drabs, in a film where we will often observe hieratic interpretations, symbolizing absence, as Ukrainian women and men at certain times, they lack something, the war takes away some humanity. As mentioned, Dovzhenko once again teaches a master class of assembly, a key element in this trilogy and in the previous film, evidence that is one of the distinguishing points of his cinema, a dominance in the subject. The sequence of train crash is one of the most obvious in this sense, a cathedra of assembly, capturing despair, anguish, compressing and dilating the times, adding haste. Deepening on what was said before, that is one of the major features of the film, the ambiguity, which plagues the whole film, because as it was said, being a commission from Russian authorities, it exalts the Ukrainian dignity, but more than that, rather than taking one side, highlights the absurdity of the war. Even the soldiers of one side and another are not visually well differentiated, the clarity in intention or strict affiliation in that sense of the filmmaker is not as vigorous as the portrayal of misery and absurdity, it does not take sides as strongly as it exalts the nonsense of this, the suffering; it is more a hymn against the war, it is art over other things, it is what sets him apart from the other Russian authors, so close but at the same time so distant with the cinema of this giant. And that is what the gratuitous violence seen from the beginning collaborates with, explosions, crudeness, there is no conventional exaltation of the values ​​of the war defense, there is no military pride, is another the director's via. The trilogy continued its way, a compendium of cinema until then, of expressionism, of Russian montage, of feeling, the Russian collective identity also, an epitome of all the virtues of silent cinema in its twilight manifested in the filmmaker as a sublime farewell, because the sound was already coming with The Jazz Singer. The following year, Dovzhenko would complete his great triptych, filming Earth (1930), but for many, his artistic peak had arrived, Arsenal had seen the light, cataloged as the greatest cinematographic achievement of this audiovisual poet, a film more than necessary.

Zvenigora (1928) - Aleksandr Dovzhenko

The greatest poet, a true audio-visual reference the great Dovzhenko, is always, in terms of media exposure and recognition, a step behind the other russian luminaries that the history books of cinema collect, be it the inescapable Eisenstein, Vertov, or perhaps even Pudovkin. But the truth is that this huge audio-visual author has nothing to envy to those conspicuous big names, and even more, although it sounds insolent, even more considering those gregarious immortal surnames of the seventh art, maybe those are who have something to envy to the great master. The Soviet lands taught the world the powerful intellectual weapon that could be the cinema, none like them to express their collective feeling, their pride of mass, their history, but in none of the three authors cited above, is the artistic sensibility of Dovzhenko, his exquisite treatment, the strength and audiovisual poetry he knew how to display, and always without neglecting the other imprints, which he shared with his fellow comrades. The director himself is involved in supervising the writing of the script for this film, where a piece of the history of the Russian empire is captured, some Ukrainian lands hide a fabulous treasure, an old man will take care of it, but as time goes by, his two grandchildren, of opposing personalities, should watch over the future.

                 

In ancient territories of Ukrainian origin, the land houses a large and arcane treasure, are lands in which an aged old man (Nikolai Nademsky) lives and protects his country from strangers, where he meets a general, both join the troops, weapons in hand, to defend their nation from Viking invaders. During his long stay, the grandfather meets Okasana (P. Sklyar Otawa), and in turn has two grandchildren, Pavlo (Les Podorozhnij), the second, and Timoshka (Semyon Svashenko), the eldest. There is a great conflict, the invasions still hit the town, many men march to war, women and children cry those departures, while the grandfather tells Pavlo about the existence of the treasure, with Okasana as direct implicate, interacting with the strangers, falling in love with one; decades of struggle and death are narrated. Timoshka warns and deals with the invaders, resistances are organized, arduous battles are fought, sacrifices that both grandchildren witness, with Pavlo always expectant, but Timoshka is not relegated, he studies seriously about the subject. Decades pass, modernism arrives, cars and locomotives, the Cossacks continue to threaten, Bolsheviks also come into action. Modern days have arrived, machines, mass productions, workshops and companies dominate, finally the grandfather eats and drinks with some workers.

Anyone who has not seen a film by the giant Dovzhenko (who was initially a school teacher), can be surprised, pleasantly surprised, and if it is a prepared audience, the imprint that this immortal master will leave on the psyche will certainly be indelible, imperishable, is undoubtedly one of the greatest audiovisual artists of the silent era of cinema, curious considering that he began his career in the twilight of the solemn moment of the seventh art. Yes, Dovzhenko makes films like very few others, like almost nobody, it is necessary to have certain references of his to appreciate the author and his work, because this film does not take long to make clear its intentions, in the sequence that opens the film nature is poetically printed without further proem, slowed sequences are giving us an advance of that treatment, nature first, humans later, everything merges into a subtle and almost hieratic parade. In the film Dovzhenko also quickly changes the rhythm of the narrative, combines close-ups with mid, general shots, changes the speed of duration of those frames, the assembly will change the trend to a more frenetic pace, likewise in one of the first sequences we see that kind of dark demon leave an underground environment to face the grandfather, and that figure will then return to torment the old man, demon that is presented with a great use of the resource of the superposition of shots, magnifying its figure, the terror, the ambition that prints to the locals. In just over twenty minutes the director has already given us a preview of the wide range of his expressive and narrative possibilities, but again, this is just a prolegomena of what is to come. The enormous force of the film rests on two elements, on a singular binomial that constitutes the core of the film, which is also immediately portrayed, nature and the army, the field and weapons, dissimilar elements will soon be already intertwined. It is remarkable that the author sees poetry, introduces poetry with an overwhelming authority, that way we feel as if two independent stories were flowing together, in dissimilar braid, the epic story, the document where the log of the Russian history is recorded, but also the audiovisual story, the beauty, the audiovisual aesthetics, which in Dovzhenko's cinema, like almost no other author, seems to develop under its own rules. Great the master, amalgamates the realism with lyricism, the dry realism then flows at times span to span with poetry, two-edged duality, of apparent incompatibility, coexist and commune in the cinema of this titanic author, who manages to balance those apparently irreconcilable, antagonistic currents. The director will add more contrast, contrasts the modern with the old, the machines against the countryside, history itself bifurcates into our protagonists, expressing realism, but, as was said, also an irrepressible lyricism.

History bifurcates but at the same time merges, because the dividing line of one time and another vanishes in the figure of the grandfather, with him, time disappears, onirism and fantasy reach those heights, the old man becomes timeless guardian, the centuries pass, people die, people are born, but the ancient sentinel remains undaunted, hermetic to time. As indicated above, in the Russian film the assembly stands out, a key element of the film, the master thread that controls the rhythm of the film, which dynamizes the sequences, adding urgency, tension, frenzy, even despair, and then normalizing; a master class of assembly, which controls the times of the film, the rhythm of the film, the cadence of the emotions, of the moments, a montage that makes us enter or leave a moment with a different emotion. Notable moments of that change of pace, of that frantic editing, we have many during the film, just to name one, there is a public shooting, all the tension and dignity of the soldier are portrayed; or the disturbing sequence of Pavlo with the weapon in the temple, all, the jury, with aberrant fruition demand the sacrifice of the young man. Both moments are enhanced with frames, with high-angle shoots and low-angle shoots, a large glossary of audiovisual resources we find, images quickly concatenated, with pre-eminence of many close-ups, intensity touch, of course, in this montage. The filmmaker creates pleasant frames, such as Oksana's sequence in the field, with a beautiful natural mirror of water behind, a calm stream that reflects everything, that sublimates the image. This is exemplary of a Dovzhenko virtue, in the midst of a supposed austerity of elements from which to generate beauty, the director is capable of extracting lyricism, of discovering it in many cases, of generating it even in others. Of tiny details, of simplicity, like a playful bubble, it is from where extracts something different, something sublime, or likewise of great scenarios, like enormous fields of plants, or that mirror of water that is the stream; he extracts poetry in many cases from where it seems unable to be found. In his wide spectrum of resources and possibilities, we observe powerful low-angle shoots, images of the industry, of buildings, of constructions in process, of high structures, the camera moves upwards, it is development, machines, steam engines, standardized production, battle tanks, caterpillars, men marching in mass, in rows, modernism embodied with images, then even the neon lights, the moment of the present has arrived. Another characteristic of Dovzhenko's nascent cinema is that it dispenses with excessive texts, something very remarkable, in the years of silent cinema, where the spoken word does not exist, the filmmaker allows the audiovisual to govern, to be the greatest expressive and narrative resource, the image speaks like almost no other filmmaker in Dovzhenko, who lets it flow, there is no room for words, a total filmmaker, at a time when the sound was not yet complete in the cinema. In him, unlike his contemporary comrades, Eisenstein, Vertov, Pudovkin, the mass is humanized, individuality is recognized, there are faces, and there exists, with its lens, poetry, but the insolence of forgetting the irrecusable power of duty is never committed, sacred obligation to the homeland, Timoshka must liquidate the woman who loves him, because she would represent missing his obligation to the mother country, to his nation.

The film is a beautiful ode to Ukraine, to the land, to the men who inhabit it, its story is told with realism, a realism whose integrity is never threatened or diminished by the impetuous flow of the poetic power of the director; it is the history of his land, portrayed with truth, with realism, but finding a place in that realism to introduce lyrical details. Coexists well in the film, in a way not seen until the time -and perhaps later either-, poetry, nationalism, a poetic and proud exaltation of the nation, of Ukraine, in epic document, the history of centuries summarized with feeling, from the Viking invasions to the proletarian struggles, Bolsheviks, the men defending and forging with pride the history of the Russian empire, general feeling in the great filmmakers of that time. It is time to discuss a sequence of extreme wealth, that sequence of grandpa explaining to Pavlo the origin of the treasure, the audiovisual climax of the film, overwhelming talent, the moment of that complete sequence superimposed; never, never seen such an extensive sequence of that resource, of the superpositions of shots, complete minutes, complete centuries of battles, narrated in sequences of images in an irrepressible torrent of overlayed frames, images, sequences. Not even in Expressionism -which was the school that had one of its technical foundations in this resource-, much less in other currents, that level of visual exuberance was reached with this resource. Dovzhenko delights us with a complete episode of the story that is narrated in an unusual and forceful way, something unprecedented in the greatest films in the history of cinema, for something even Eisenstein himself was moved from the theater after its viewing, dedicating memorable lauds. We see in that extensive sequence, the history, symbolically defeated one by one the men, war with the invaders, what the conventional narrative does not allow, the magic of the dream, of the oneiric, all the immeasurable power of that sequence, prints, exemplary and incomparably, nobody had worked in the way that this poet does. It's extraordinary, the whole force of expressionism flows in that unforgettable sequence, the nightmarish gloom, the dark dementia, the deranging darkness, the audiovisual techniques have a free track in those precious minutes, the superpositions of frames, which in other authors is a positive resort in dribs-and-drabs used, in Dovzhenko is simply endless frenzy of delirium. Onirism and symbolism converge in this powerful sequence, a concomitance that can only reach that level of excellence in Dovzhenko, history and onirism merge, disparate couples find a point of balance and union in the filmmaker poet, who directs with boldness certainly, a sequence of overlayed images with so much ambition, with so much fluency and mastery was not captured before. Time would tell us that the film was a sublime farewell to silent films, the top, the peak, seemed an epitome of much of the film resources of all currents in epiphanic moment, 1928, year in which the great revolution came to the cinema, the sound came up with The Jazz Singer, everything changed forever, and Dovzhenko began his particular Trilogy of War with the present work, continuing with Arsenal (1929), and ending with Earth (1930). To take into account, is his fourth feature film, although some consider it the first for being the first work so recognized and so valuable, the hidden treasure was not only in the history portrayed, but in the film itself shot, which is the heritage of art, heritage of humanity, all the power of the director was already there. We have thus a tremendously versatile work, almost impossible to classify in its variety, with solid performances, the old man and his grandchildren, their tribulations reinforced by the close-ups, film that is closed with that final sequence, the old man, interacting before with Vikings and antediluvianos beings, faces the locomotive, symbol par excellence of the modernity; the fire monster calls it, after which we see him accepting food and hospitality of some workers, with his gesture, there remains a little the question of whether the grandfather has ceded in his impetus. One of the greatest poets of the cinema began his great contribution to the seventh art, the immortal Trilogy of War, the beautiful ode of Ukraine began with this film, war and beauty flowing together, poetry and history; I do not think that it is unreasonable to notice later echoes in someone who is close in sensitivity, changing the historical context, Tarkovsky and his beautiful Ivan's Childhood (1962). Extraordinary film, audiovisual delicacy, major author.